![]() Tomographic techniques such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Computed Tomography (CT), or 2D/3D cardiac ultrasound (i.e. In addition, the movement and high heart contraction rate (~130 beats per/min) is challenging for optical high-resolution imaging. Although pigment-free fish lines with transparent skin 2 allow for imaging subcutaneous superficial cell layers, the tissue protein content and resulting opaqueness severely limit in vivo deep tissue imaging. However, this advantage decreases rapidly after 2–3 weeks as tissues become denser and more difficult to image by light microscopy. Despite these important considerations longitudinal high-resolution and non-invasive imaging of the same adult fish heart during the regeneration process has not yet been achieved.Įmbryonic and larval zebrafish have been powerful models in basic science and biomedical research for several decades due to their external development and transparency, making them highly amenable for in vivo optical imaging. ![]() Furthermore, the initial lesion size, or even the presence of an injury, varies greatly between different individuals. This makes it impossible to determine the degree of regeneration, since the original extent of damage in the repairing region can only be assumed. Over the last decade, adult zebrafish have emerged as an invaluable model for vertebrate cardiac regeneration 1, yet most studies to-date have relied on distinct time points from different individuals post-injury with conventional histology or immunohistochemistry on tissue sections as the primary read-out. It further provides a novel tool for in vivo time-lapse imaging of adult fish for non-cardiac studies, as the method can be readily applied to image wound healing in other injured or diseased tissues, or to monitor tissue changes over time, thus expanding the range of questions that can be addressed in adult zebrafish and other small aquatic species. Application of the advanced MRI technique allowed clear discrimination of levels of repair following cryo- and resection injury for several months. HS-treated groups revealed persistent scar tissue for 10 weeks, while control groups were healed after 4 weeks. To test the method, we compared well and poorly healing cardiac ventricles using a transgenic fish model that exhibits heat-shock (HS) inducible impaired heart regeneration. We present a high-resolution, non-invasive in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) method incorporating a miniature respiratory and anaesthetic perfusion set-up for live adult zebrafish, allowing for visualization of scar formation and heart regeneration in the same animal over time at an isotropic 31 µm voxel resolution. The other star systems can be safely explored - cutscenes revealing more information may be triggered, but there is no risk outside the Green Objective star of accidentally ending the game.The adult zebrafish is a well-established model for studying heart regeneration, but due to its tissue opaqueness, repair has been primarily assessed using destructive histology, precluding repeated investigations of the same animal. However, caution is advised in the Green Objective star system: just going into orbit around (clicking on) the station found there will immediately end the game.
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